A Catholic Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Catholic Life - Essay Example This can be considered as heady years when anything was deemed possible. His schooling was marked by periods of hardship and deprivation. This was clearly in his case a time of intense personal trials as he went to college as a working student to support his studies. There was a time he suffered some form of bullying by his richer classmates and they made fun of his â€Å"nice clothes† which greatly embarrassed him. While still a small boy, he had a different concept of God who is strict and very demanding in terms of penance. But he had taken comfort that he belonged to the most important royal family – that of the Catholics (Wilkes 21). He even aspired to sainthood in the innocence of his childhood (ibid. 23). His high school years saw him earn decent grades since he seemed to have the gifts of an intellectual who can breeze through school without much effort. His faith in his religion is not to be tested yet since he lived sort of a secure life, surrounded by the fam iliar and not yet exposed to the outside world in which new and even rebellious ideas are in ferment. Changes started to occur in his personal life and consequently in his views and outlook in life during the time he started his college days. It was a period of great financial difficulties. Catholicism as a religion emphasizes both suffering and deprivation as a noble act (ibid. 26) and further ingrained with a dictum of living a life for others. Whether intentional or not, this constant barrage of feeling guilty ends up making some people a bit neurotic as in the case of Paul Wilkes. Despite his professional success, his search for God soon brought him to the extreme decision to follow the way of Christ and abandon all his material belongings. Paul’s... A Catholic Life Every person goes through life's incredible journey in his or her own unique ways. It is sometimes called in religious philosophy as the â€Å"process of becoming† for which nobody can know how the end will come about. No one can likewise anticipate the high and low points in this journey of a lifetime. This was what the author Paul Wilkes underwent during challenging times in his life and career. Every person also feels a bit empty, at some point in their lives. In his case, Mr. Wilkes suffered what is called a mid-life crisis so early in his married life when he was still in his mid-thirties, when other people suffer the same crisis at a much later age. A person is shaped by both his environment and by his basic temperament. Mr. Wilkes can be considered as just like any other person, an average person with the usual dreams and ambitions in life. What was a bit different about him was his tenacity in the face of adversity. This was amply demonstrated in his being the runt of the litter, growing up in a poor home, a constant struggle while in school (from elementary up to his college days) and achieved some measure of professional success. If we really contemplate on the real purpose of life, either we go off the edge or end up finding something really meaningful. Some call this process as a catharsis or a conversion, or as an epiphany of sorts like what Saul of Tarsius experienced while he was on his way.

Normalization Employeers Productivity Essay Example for Free

Normalization Employeers Productivity Essay There are several reasons why employers should be careful not to overwork their employers. At the top of that list is securing long term sustainability. Long term sustainability involves mapping out feasible productivity plans that balance workforce output and employee maintenance costs. This means that employers must factor in several other variables aside from net profitability when determining the ideal number of hours that their employees should work. Where having company policies that encourage overtime and consequentially overwork does tend to boost individual employee productivity in the short term, Gunner (2000) showed that the increase was only part of a reverse parabolic trend, where a typical employee would work excessively reaching a productivity peak and then burn out and lose productivity within the next few months. This means that the overall productivity of a particular employee would ultimately be the same or even lower than if the company did not encourage overworking. This is also undesirable because companies also do not generally prefer a very high employee turnover which cripples production continuity and creates a negative image of the company as a temporary stepping stone to greener pastures. The despotic method of overworking employees to get the maximum profitability is not feasible in current corporate climate where it is equally difficult to find good employers as it is to find good employees. Companies should be interested in keeping good employees and this means keeping these employees satisfied with their work and their work atmosphere. Overworking is one of the major causes of stress which in turn is one of the primary causes of employment dissatisfaction (Edwards, 2003). In conclusion, companies should maintain the balance between employee productivity and satisfaction by keeping them from getting overworked. This benefits the company with normalized productivity, prevents workforce burnout, and improves employer profile. Â   References: Edwards, A. (2003). Stress: Causes, Symptoms, Complications. Kennedy Kennedy. Gunner, J. (2000). Employee Productivity Trends in Southern States Based Corporations. Harvard Press.

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties

Chemistry of All-carbon Materials: Structure and Properties All-carbon materials have received lots of attention in the past. Carbyne, a new allotrope of carbon, is still in controversy towards its synthesis and property. Combining with the Goroff group’s research, this project is to prepare the polymer PIDA (polydiiododiacetylene) as a polyrotaxane complex, encapsulated in a column of macrocyclic hosts. The polyrotaxane structure will prevent aggregation of the PIDA strands, allowing for the complete dehalogenation of the polymer to make carbyne. The proposed route is shown in Scheme 1.1. PIDA, a precursor of carbyne, can be made from diiodobutadiyne and macrocyclic hosts via topochemical polymerization and host-guest strategy, in which macrocyclic host will self-assemble into column structure and diiodobutadiyne will form halogen bonds with host. All-carbon materials have been widely investigated because of their potential properties, such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and hardness. They exist in different morphologies with various properties, such as diamond, graphite, carbon nanotube, graphere, fullerene and carbyne . Diamond, consisting of all sp3 hybridized carbons, has many unusual properties, such as extreme hardness, high optical transmittance and wide band gap and so on.1 Because of these potential properties, the synthesis of diamond is of great interest. It can be synthesized through chemical vapor deposition, including hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD); high frequency plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD); and DC plasma discharge.1b Graphite is made of sp2 hybridized carbon. It has a layered honeycomb structure and behaves as a good conductor.2 Fullerenes exist in different sizes, such as C60, C70 and C82. The C60 fullerene was first reported by Kroto and coworkers.3 It is an all-carbon polyhedral cage molecule with each atom sp2 hybridized and directly bonded to three neighbors. All valences of carbon atom in the molecule are satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond. Graphene is single atom thick layer of graphite, which can be used in composite material , electric battery and hydrogen storage.4 Carbon nanotubes usually have cylindrical nanostructure and made of different length-to-diameter ratio. Because of its special electrical, electrochemical and optical properties, carbon nanotubes were widely investigated in electronics, biological and energy application.5 Carbyne, having all-sp-hybridized carbon, is highly reactive. Carbyne, an sp hybridized all-carbon chain, is a new allotrope of carbon and has potential special properties as all carbon material, which has attracted considerable interest since discovery back in 1960. Because of its instability, it is less well known than the other carbon allotropes. The investigation of carbyne or carbyne-like structures is still underway while the results are often unclear. Researchers have tried to synthesize carbyne or carbyne-like materials in several ways, such as chemical dehydrohalogenation and electrochemical synthesis. Evsyukov et al.6 studied dehydrohalogenation of poly (ethylene-alt-chlorotrifluoroethylene)(PE-a-CTFE)to make carbyne. PE-a-CTFE was treated with potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran to form a halogen-substituted polyenyne structure with randomly distributed isolated triple bonds. Theoretically, the synthesis was showed below. Elimination of hydrogen halides was incomplete, which could result from the insufficient strength of the base, sterical hindrances caused by its bulkiness and alternation defects in the original copolymer. Wang and coworkers7 claimed to form carbyne-like material via electrochemical method. 1, 1, 2-trichloroethylene was dehydrochlorinated with t-buthanolate, which was formed from t-butylalcohol on a Ni cathode in dimethylsulfoxide electrolyte solution under anaerobic conditions. However, this method was not effective because of reactive carbon, oxidation with O2 and cross-linking of polyyne-like chains. In above reports, no evidence of formation of carbyne is observed and the properties of carbyne remain unrealized. Recently, polyynes, analogues of carbyne, have been widely investigated to predict the properties of carbyne. Polyynes are one-dimensional chains with alternating single and triple bonds. The synthesis of long polyynes chains was first reported by Walton and coworkers.8 They used Cu-catalyzed oxidative Hay coupling techniques to synthesize triethylsilyl-capped polyynes. Tykwinski and coworkers also synthesized several polyynes with a variety of end groups, in which bulky end groups would increase the stability and solubility of polyynes. In 2010, Tykwinski reported the synthesis of polyynes with as manys as 44 sp-carbons.9 They used bulky tris(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)methyl (Tr) as end groups and stabilize the chain. The synthesis method is shown in Scheme 1.4. When the polyynes become larger and larger, the effect on stability of end groups becomes insufficient. In order to overcome this issue, some researchers encapsulated polyynes into macrocycles to form rotaxanes or polyrotaxanes. Sugiyama and coworkers10 prepared pseudo-rotaxanes and rotaxanes with cyclodextrin simultaneously to stabilize and to solubilize the carbyne chains. Tykwinski and coworkers11 synthesized polyyne rotaxanes with 4, 6 and 10 triple bonds in length through active copper-templated coupling. Inspired by these cases, I am trying to design a polyrotaxane, allowing for complete dehalogenation of PIDA to make carbyne. Polydiacetylenes (PDAs), conjugated polymers with alternating double and triple bonds in the backbone, are prepared via topochemical polymerization of aligned diynes. Generally, topochemical polymerizations occur in a condensed phase, in which the monomers are preorganized and the final structures of the product are determined by the preorganization. In 1969, the synthesis of PDA was first described by Wegner,12 introducing the 1, 4-polymization of monomers. In addition, Baughman demonstrated how 1, 4-polymerization of diynes works and reported necessary parameters for the 1, 4-polymerization.13 The monomers are held in alignment. The distance between adjacent monomers is near 5 Ã…. The intermolecular distance of reacting carbons (C4 and C1’) is close to 3.5 Ã…, which is close to the van der Waals radius of carbon. The tilt angle between monomer diyne and the vertical translation axis should be 45 °. Ideal 1, 4-polymerization of diynes is showed below. Host-guest strategy is used to describe how monomers are aligned for polymerization. Different molecules or ions are held together by some forces to form complexes. In order for topochemical polymerization, monomers should be aligned to meet the geometric requirements. However, some monomers cannot form the right geometry required to polymerize. Host-guest strategy is applied to adjust the monomers to meet the requirements reported by Baughman. Here, hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding work in 1, 4-polymerization through host-guest strategy. Recently, Fowler and Lauher developed different kinds of diyne monomers to undergo 1, 4-polymerization using the host-guest strategy. In this way, the diyne monomers played the role of guests, which then formed hydrogen bonds with host molecules. The host molecules possessing oxalamides and ureas self-assembled into a structure via hydrogen bonding. Because of hydrogen bonding interactions, the diyne monomers were aligned in proper geometry for 1, 4-polymerization. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for one diyne.14 In the cocrystals, the oxalamide host molecule was organized through hydrogen bond with a repeat distance of 4.97 Ã…. The nicotinyl ester groups of the diyne guest monomers form strong pyridine-carboxylic acid hydrogen bonds to the host molecules. In addition to Fowler and Lauher’ work, the Goroff group also showed halogen bonding interaction could be applied for 1, 4-polymerization with the host-guest strategy. sp2 and sp hybridized carbon is more electronegative than iodine. Iodoalkynes behaves as Lewis acids and form halogen bonds with Lewis bases, such as pyridine and nitriles. The following is an example of host-gust strategy for diiodobutadiyne (figure 1.3).15 In this case, diiodobutadiyne played the role of guest. The hosts with oxalamide group were also organized through hydrogen bonds and designed to align diiodobutadiyne in the right geometry for 1, 4-topochemcal polymerization. The repeat distance of diyne monomers was 5.11 Ã…. The tilt angle was 51 °. Halogen bonds (XBs) is a non-covalent interaction which consists of halogen atom and other neutral atom or anions. The general structure of halogen bonds is showed in Figure 1.4.16 In this structure, X is halogen atom, which accepts electron density. It can be Lewis acid and halogen bond donor. D is the one donate electron density, which behaves as Lewis base and halogen bond acceptor. Y is a carbon, nitrogen, or halogen atom. The investigation of XB has been continuing for near 200 years. In 1863, the first report on the ability of halogen atoms to form well-defined adducts with electron donor species was described by Frederick Guthrie.17 In his experiment, I2 was added to saturated ammonium salt (nitrate or carbonate) and a diiodine/ ammonia system NH3†¢I2 formed. After exposed to air, it decomposes spontaneously into ammonia and iodine, without permanent gas being evolved. After that, halogen bonds became widely investigated. H. A. Benesi and J. H. Hildebrand identified the iodine-benzene complexe through UV-vis spectra in 1948.18 In 1954, Hassel’s group used X-ray to show the structure of bromine 1, 4-dioxanate.19 The experiment showed there was a short intermolecular interaction between the oxygen atoms of dioxane and bromine atoms. The interaction was halogen bond. The distance of O−Br bond was just 2.71 Ã…, which indicated a strong interaction between the bromine and oxygen atom s. Pierangleo Metrangolo and Guiseppe Resnati, whose research focused on halogen bonds, summarized the characteristic of halogen bonds and their interaction.16, 20 Polarizability increases when you move down the periodic table from fluorine atom to the iodine atom. This makes Cl, Br and I have the positive potential charge, which is showed in Figure 1.5. When the halogen atom is attached to an electron-withdrawing group, the positively polarized area will increase. On the one hand, the halogen atom can be the acceptor of electron density. On the other hand, the positive charge locates at sphere’s end, which is surrounded by electron neutral ring and negative charge belt. Because of the special location of positive charge, the angle of covalent bond and noncovalent bond around halogen atom in D†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢X—Y is near 180 °. This is consistent with research results. Hongjian Jin et al.21 used diiodobutadiyne and bis(pyridyl)oxalamides to make cocrystal, whi ch was based on halogen bonds between pyridine group’s nitrogen and iodine. Polymerization of cocrystal was induced under 3.5 GPa pressure. Although the N†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢I—C angle changed after polymerization, both angles were still near 180 °. They were 169.7 ° and 161.4 °. Investigation of halogen bonds examples in the Cambridge Structure Database is also shown. Metrangolo and Resnati16, 20 showed that halogen bond was relative stronger than hydrogen bond. However, a halogen is larger and more polarizable than hydrogen and halogen bonds are more sensitive to steric hindrance than hydrogen bonds. Halogen atom, electron acceptor in XBs, has some general characteristics. Among the four halogen atoms, the order for forming strong halogen bonding is I >Br > Cl >F. The more electron withdrawing atom is, the stronger is the halogen bonds. As to halocarbons, the strength order for halogen bonding is C-X (sp)>C-X (sp2)> C-X (sp3). If the halocarbons are unfunctionalized monohaloalkanes, no halogen bonds are observed. Diiodobutadiyne, in which the C is sp hybridized, is a good Lewis acid.22 The Goroff group used diiodobutadiyne as a guest to make poly (diiododiacetylene) (PIDA) with several hosts. Self-assembly of macrocycles Supramolecular chemistry is a rapidly growing field, emphasizing on assembly of discrete molecules. Traditional chemistry deals with covalent interaction while supramolecular chemistry focuses more on noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding23, van der Waals forces24 and Ï€-Ï€ interactions25. Self-assembly, a main process involved in supramolecular chemistry, will take advantage of these noncovalent interactions to organize discrete molecules into high order structures. Macrocycles, which have cyclic structures with other functional groups, can be self-assembled in a specific manner to form high order structures. Here I will introduce the self-assembly of macrocycles through hydrogen bonding and Ï€-Ï€ interactions. Ï€-Ï€ interactions, well known noncovalent intermolecular interactions, play important roles in self-assembly of macrocycles. The arrangement of aromatic rings has following geometries, such as face-to-face, edge-to-face and slipped stack. Hill and coworkers26 synthesized amphiphilic hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene, self-assembling via Ï€-Ï€ stacking to form a discrete nanotubular object. The object has a uniform and 14-nanometer-wide hollow space. Lauher and coworkers27 also took advantage of Ï€-Ï€ stacking to design a tubular macrocyclic polymer. The monomer structure and route to a tubular polymer are shown in Figure 1.7. The diacetylene-based macrocycles self-assembled into polymerizable slipped Ï€-Ï€ stack and polymerized via slow annealing. The macrocycle had two different crystalline forms, which were monoclinic and triclinic form, respectively. After slow annealing at 40 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the triclinic forms appeared to undergo crystal-to-crystal polymeriz ation. Hydrogen bond is an attraction force involves a hydrogen and strong electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine. The electronegative atoms behave as hydrogen bond acceptor and hydrogen is hydrogen bond donor.28 Macrocyclic peptides and ureas can form high order tubular structures via hydrogen bonds. Ghadiri and coworkers29 used cyclo[-(L-Gln-D-Ala-L-Glu-D-Ala)2-] to self-assemble into hollow tubes via amide hydrogen bonds. Shimizu and coworkers30 also took advantage of amide hydrogen bond to organize diacetylene macrocycles for topochemical polymerization. In addition, Shimizu and coworkers used macrocyclic bis-ureas to self-assemble into columnar structures through urea hydrogen bonds. In the structure of macrocyclic bis-ureas, two hydrogen atoms in NH group are hydrogen bond donors and the carbonyl groups are hydrogen bond acceptors. The structures of the macrocyclic ureas are shown in figure 1.8. In 2001, they used bis-urea macrocycles with m-xylene to form the sel f-assembly tubular structures.31 The m-xylene kept the macrocycles rigid. However, this macrocycle formed intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Another bis-urea macrocycle with m-phenylether avoided forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds and organized into tubular structures with ordered acetic acid dimer filling inside as guest. The columns were stabilized by hydrogen bonding as well as Ï€-Ï€ staking interactions of phenylether. Except ureas, oxalamides are also used to form hydrogen bonding networks (figure 1.8). The repeat distances are 4.6 Ã… and 5.0 Ã…, respectively.33 Inspired by above work, we plan to design a macrocycle with pyridine, alkyne and oxalamide segments. Pyridine and alkyne segments provide beneficial rigidity, helping the macrocycles cocrystalize with diiodobutadiyne through halogen bonds. oxalamide segments are used for forming hydrogen bonding networks.

The Peach Tree Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive Essay

The Peach Tree When I reminisce about my childhood, the fondest memories I have revolve around food. We often went on picnics to the beach. There at the water's edge, my father would struggle to light the charcoal in the wind that kept both the hot dogs and the kids cold. My mothers' anise-sweetened bread was the perfect match for ham every Easter morning, afternoon, and the days that followed. On my birthday we always had gnocchi, fluffy pillows of pasta that melted in our mouths, tossed with an ethereal tomato sauce. In August we had peaches and not just any peaches, peaches from our peach tree. I loved our peach tree. I love the memory of that tree. In retrospect, the peach tree was an integral part of my childhood. I cannot recall when we first got the peach tree. It seems as if it was always there in the backyard. I do know that it was a gift from my aunt and uncle who worked at Del Monte's Agricultural Research Facility. Whether it was a rare or special breed, I wonder. The fruit was so sweet that I can't imagine Del Monte choosing such a fine specimen only to douse it in heavy simple syrup. Whatever its parentage, it was our good fortune to receive such a tree; it produced the sweetest, most succulent peaches I've ever eaten. The peach tree was special to us. It was, in fact, the only tree in our small yard. We grew through the seasons with it. Every February the first bits of pink showed through the tightly closed flower buds. By March, it was covered in pink, like overgrown cotton candy. In April, little flecks of green accented the pink blossoms and slowly pushed out the pink until a fresh, vibrant green blanketed the crown of the tree. During this transition, the lawn became a carpet of pink. Then slowly th... ... the old tree was producing only a few runt-sized fruit. One winter my parents cut down the tree. It left a scar on the lawn and a barren space in the yard. I hadn't thought much about that old tree for some time. It was the peach tree, after all, along with my grandparents' vegetable garden that planted the seed, so to speak, of my passion for the garden. The first fruit trees I planted in my own backyard were peaches. When I told my sisters that I was writing about the peach tree, they both smiled a familiar smile. For a moment, they were transported to another place and time. And I knew that it wasn't simply nostalgia seen through the nearsighted eyes of memory, it was real. In the years that have followed I have never found a peach as large, juicy and luscious as the ones from our tree. It may have been Del Monte's secret special breed, but I think it was more.

History of political parties in the United States Essay

For many years, there have been two major political parties in the United States. Today’s American political parties, Democratic Party and the Republican Party developed from the federal and anti federal parties. However, although no other major political parties have developed, the constitution of the United States does not restrict creation of more parties. The reason for dominance of the United States politics by the democrats and the republicans has been due to the belief among the Americans that their candidate will win only if they are from a major political party. The founding fathers of the United States of America had a negative view of political parties. They were influenced by classical republicans who argued that political parties would promote factional interests and misconduct of public officials. However, the Jeffersonian and Hamiltonians later emerged which was followed by the federalists and anti federalists which led to the formation of a federal government towards the end of 18th century. As the political leaders tried to address issues related to economical and social interest of different regions, they mobilized support from different regions to secure political influence during the election. The federalist focused on the interest of the elites in New England and states in Middle Atlantic. They advocated for a more vigilant government that will secure and give room for their economic development. The Republicans, who were anti federalist, on the other hand promoted social pluralism and supported commercial policies that promoted an economy dominated by agriculture (Boyer, Para 1). Although the fight between the Federalist Party and the Republican Party was severe, the activities of political parties in the early 19th century were limited and the voters’ turnout was low. Parties did not develop extensive systems to promote their interest while voters were less committed to their parties. In 1815, the Federalist Party collapsed while the Republican Party split into different factions. In 1820, political parties reappeared with more struggles and battle for authority and influence in the central government. By mid 19th century, a need for an organized electorate and election process had evolved. The Republicans and the Federalists evolved into the Democrats and the Whigs respectively. A Democratic President, Andrew Jackson, was elected in 1828 who favored a limited government. He was opposed by the Whigs who supported an economically oriented government. During the same time, the political parties were greatly influenced by religion. Political parties used campaigns extravaganza and newspaper to spread their ideologies and gather support among the voters while the voters increased their loyalty to the parties and large number were involved in elections. The authorities of the political parties increased. The presence of Electoral College in the constitution restricted the number of major political parties while parties limited the number of candidates at the local level (Aldrich, p 126). War between political parties became unusually intense after the civil war. The fight was between two parties in an election that was considered the best structured and most partisan in the history of the United States. With the increased industrialization, the federal economic policies were supported by the economic elites which called for the Republican to strengthen their pro commercial positions. On the other hand, the Democrats had support from the agricultural states in the south and among the town immigrant laborers who had run away from the Republicans’ hostility. However, the Democrats did not win all support from the agricultural states and the laborers while the Republicans were favored by partisan loyalty, war memories and hostility of ethnic groups. The less economically empowered workers and farmers in the west did not give room for the developing third parties in the populist era and the gilded age. These parties included the Greenback labor in the gilded age and the Populist Party in the populist era. In the mid 1890s election campaigns, the Democrats led by Bryan attracted these small factions in a bid to beat the Republicans in the 1896 general election. However, this strategy did not work as they were beaten by the Republicans led by McKinley. This election transformed the politics of the United States and the Republicans dominated the American politics for a long time (Payan, pg 23). The progressive era also saw some changes in the political parties. More and more economic elites started gaining interests in politics and political parties. Businessmen combined efforts with political reformers to strengthen the remaining anti-party opinions among the Americans and completely changed political culture in the United States. Using their anti partisan ideologies, they pushed for politics which are unselfish and corruption free. They pushed for legislations that limited the parties control over nominations and election processes. This was a big blow for the political parties since this was their major source of funds to fund their activities and this limited the operations of political parties. This move had far reaching consequences on political parties (Boyer, Para 8). In 1930s, major reshuffling of ideologies affected political parties. Among the Democrats, a group of urban politicians rose to seek federal welfare policies which were a major blow to their dedication to limited government. The great depression also led to alignment of the electoral systems which had a negative impact on Republican Party. Led by Roosevelt and his New Deal promise to the Americans, the Democrats took the advantage of the situation by expanding the role of the central government and promised the Americans prosperity socially and economically. However, they received some resistance from the south who opposed the liberal democrats’ idea about civil right although many republican loyal African American defected to support the New Deal. For survival, some of Republican politicians adopted democrats’ ideas as the Republican Party lost popularity among the voters. However, they were able to revive their political influence during the reign of President Eisenhower in mid 20th century. In 1960s, Democrats rose to power and with the backup from some liberal Republicans; they promoted their social policies including civil rights of minority groups (Schlesinger, p 177). Some political alignment took place in 1960s where several republicans defected and joined the democrats while many white Americans in the south defected and became republicans. The effects of progressive era event become increasingly evident and political parties were becoming less influential in the election process. The advent of television as a means of passing political ideologies also transformed political parties. The identification of voter with political parties and loyalty weakened as voters became less settled. Voter reacted to every day’s political crisis and supported a more charismatic politician as opposed to pegging on party loyalty (Boyer, Para 10). The alleged abuse of office and powers by the politicians, such as in the Vietnam War and the involvement of White House officials in the Watergate scandal which accompanied defections from political parties destabilized the electoral systems. The antigovernment disposition of the public favored the republican in the 1980s which led to election of the conservative President, Reagan. The Democrats were accused of poor policies that led to inflations and riots over civil rights. Reagan administration weakened the Democrats’ policies which increased the polarity between the two parties in terms of ideologies. In 1994, the Republican reacted against the incumbent democrats and controlled the congress for the first time in four decades. However, their gains were limited since the democrats dominated the presidency in 1990s. Towards the end of the 20th century and beginning of 21st century, the role of political parties deteriorated where voters shifted parties depending on the candidate (Boyer, Para 10). Today, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party controls the politics of the United States. However, the party loyalty has completely faded in many parts of the country where voters supporting a candidate and not the political party. People have had different views about the future of political parties. Some people suggest that the current political parties will not survive for the next generation while other opposes that view. Others have suggested some conservatives may break away from the current parties and form a third major party. Conclusion Political parties have played an eminent role in the politics of the United States for many years. They unite people with same political principles and have always been used as channels of change. However, the American politics have been dominated by two parties all way long. Many changes have however affected the political parties. The power of influence of political parties reduced significantly in the 20th century where voters became less loyal to their parties.

How Are Mobile Phones Changing the Way People Maintain Relationships

CULTURAL AWARENESS How are mobile phones changing the way people maintain relationships? INTRODUCTION Mobile phones are increasingly taking a major role in the communication revolution and the use of the mobile phone is an immensely significant social and cultural phenomenon, hence over the years, the telephone has dramatically changed how people live their lives, see their world and communicate. As we read in Ferraro ( 2002: 29 ) â€Å"all cultures experience continual change†, however nowadays the process of a change is even more intensified, more dynamic and much quicker.A lot of that has to do with the development of mobile telephone technology. In referring to the drivers of change, we cannot forget about phenomenon of globalization which affects our modern lifestyle. In today’s world we live in a fast-pace, where maintaining relationships is made difficult by the fact we have less time for social bonding, and communication is often very limited. Here comes into im portance the technology of the mobile phone, as it gives the opportunity to talk to anyone, anywhere at any time.Since mobile phones have become an increasingly important tool in social interaction, the purpose of this research project is to gain insight into the mobile technology phenomenon and to understand better how it affects the way people maintain relationships by linking it to the theoretical background of social construction and selective perception. The report consists of four major sections. Firstly, theoretical background will be presented, followed up by the explanation of methodology used.Then the findings of the primary research will be presented, followed up by an overall analysis of information gathered. Finally, a conclusion will be given. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Before investigating the influence that mobile phones have had on the way the relationships are maintained, it is crucial to understand the connection between communication and culture. According to Hall (1 977) â€Å"Culture is communication and communication is culture†, from which we can deduce that the way we communicate expresses our culture.Therefore, any shift in the way we communicate has an influence on our culture, our perception , our behavior and the social construction. Let us take a look at the social construction. Why does this concept need to be mentioned? The answers is that we, as members of the society, are assembling ways of seeing things, while at the same time shaping our expectations and behavior. As culture is maintained by social construction, we learn culture every day. We learned to use mobile phones on a daily basis, letting them become inseparable part of our daily routine.Here another concept comes into importance, namely perception. Culture, and at the same time communication, performs an important role in how we perceive and understand reality. According to Gamble and Gamble (1996), (in Samovar et al, 2007: 128-130), we select, interpret and organ ize data in order to make sense of our world. And being exposed to similar experiences, culture creates similar meaning and behavior, which is called selective perception. It is truly incredible how fast mobile phones have caused a change in social construction and the way people perceive communication and social bonding.Sections below intend to explain how exactly mobile phones are changing the way people maintain relationships. METHODOLOGY In order to find out how the mobile technology is influencing the way the relationships are maintained in Britain , several methods were used to study the behavior of mobile phone users. Firstly, during a period of 4 weeks, in a variety of settings, using an observation, I observed the behavior of mobile phone users, by listening to their conversations and observing their approach to phone conversations, texting and using their mobile for various purposes.This was followed up by 2 individual and 2 focus group discussions. I found the in-depth in terviews and focus group discussions most appropriate for my research, as they gave a lot of qualitative information and let the people who were being interviewed express themselves and their opinions fully, which would not be the case if I decided to use questionnaires . FINDINGS As indicated before, for the research methods I have used an observation, two in-depth interviews and also two focus group discussions.During the period of observation I have noticed many different behaviors regarding mobile phone usage, however for the purpose of this report, only the ones which apply to the topic have been listed below: * On the bus: 10 out of 25 people were using their phone in some way * On the bus: 7 out of 25 people received or made a phone call within 45 min time frame * At the university: at least 1/3 of people gathered in a mutual area were talking or texting on their mobiles * In the cafe: All individuals sitting alone had a mobile phone either on the table or in usageIt can be a rgued that mobile phones are increasingly used by people, for they are new communication tools. Since mobile communication is an uprising issue, the above observations conducted me to bring forth questions for further investigation on how mobile phones are influencing the way people maintain relationships. The sample for the qualitative research method included 10 people [male and female] (for both interviews and focus group discussions). The answers were mostly collected from the age group 20-30 years old.All participants were believed to be in a peaceful state, important in concluding the honesty and quality of the answers given as they were unaffected by an unnatural sate of nervousness. To better understand how relationships are maintained in today’s society and to get a better view of the issue discussed, first the respondents were asked to describe how they communicate with their family and friends. Their instant response was via phone calls, text messages, facebook, sk ype, and instant messengers like WhatsApp .Only one person said that they maintain face to face contact with family. Since the respondents indicated mobile phones as means through which they often communicate with their contacts, this initiated a series of questions. Asked how the phones changed/are changing the way people maintain relationships, the respondents said that nowadays people maintain more contact, call more, send messages, and claim that it has made the communication very easy.However on the other hand the contact is possibly superficial as you may keep in touch with people you do not care for as much. A female respondent argued that â€Å"It has made people lazy in certain aspects, because all you have to do is pick up a phone and call someone instead of making an effort and meet that person. So it has made us lazy, but on the other hand it’s very efficient, especially if you have something to do, when you are in a rush. As for the time when people tend to call their contacts, many respondents indicated afternoon or evening, saying that they make phone calls or send texts when travelling (primarily walking or when on a bus), because that is when they have some free time between other activities. As one female respondent said â€Å" it’s all about time†. The majority of respondents argued that speaking on the phone influences the way we speak to one another and they also admitted they do it themselves. Primarily because when on the phone one can get interrupted easily, especially when multi-tasking.Also they argued that you usually make everything briefer on the phone, because when you talk you can be distracted by many things that are happening around you. In the case of new relationships, people tend to be more comfortable and open over the phone, especially considering text messages. Two female respondents said that it is easier to speak to another person differently if you do not really know her/him and also said that pho nes give means to hide certain things that you do not wish to reveal â€Å"because the other person cannot see my face so they do not know what I am feeling†.The change in non-verbal communication must also be mentioned here, as the majority of respondents admitted that they use their phone as an excuse to avoid speaking to someone. The statement of the male respondent confirmed that : â€Å"I have pretended I was on the phone when I did not want to talk to someone, you just want to pretend that you are doing something, it shuts you off, because it is not very socially acceptable to interrupt somebody who is having a conversation†.Furthermore, some respondents claimed they used their phone as a form of security and protection. One male respondent said : â€Å" My friend is always on the phone when she feels nervous†. A female respondent said that she feels safer knowing she can always call somebody to get help, or when in the bar waiting for some friends, she cl aimed she takes phone out to make people think she is busy, using phone as a bodyguard. Respondents were also asked to indicate positive and negative aspects of mobile phone usage in terms of aintaining relationships. As a positive they pointed out the fact that communication has become very efficient, easy, cheap, and also allows one to keep in touch more readily with family and friends, to arrange meetings and to develop new relationships. On the other hand respondents indicated that it has been made too easy, â€Å"because we do not even have to go out anymore to meet our friends†. They said the contact is not as real and might be taking away some value of a real friendship.As a male respondent said â€Å"You may have a long conversation over the phone with someone, then you meet up in real life and it is like you do not really know each other, you can find awkwardness sometimes. † Ultimately, the respondents mutually agreed on the statement that mobile phones help maintain relationships. As a female respondent said â€Å"it’s a constant reminder that you are thinking of someone and they are thinking of you, and that you want to stay in their lives, and that is maintaining relationships†.At the end the respondents were asked to express their view on how the social interaction looked like before the mobile phones became so popular. They said that people were sending more letters and cards, than nowadays. Also people used to interact with each other more, however they would meet with less people, only close family and friends that lived nearby. Now, as they confirmed, it is possible to keep in touch with friends that are on the other side of the world, because you are constantly available on the mobile. ANALYSIS OF FINDINGSThe importance of this research is that it explains behavior noticed during the observation and analyses the information gathered during the individual interviews and the focus group discussions . After investiga ting the subject area, I have found that mobile phones are influencing change of some of the underlying cultural values in Britain, for instance, bonds within close social circles, the meaning of time and communication patterns, which then influences the way people see their reality and perceive certain things and behaviors.As culture is maintained by social construction, we learn culture every day. We learned to use mobile phones on a daily basis, letting them become inseparable part of our daily routine, which created patterns and made them become something which we perceive as normal. Nowadays, we claim mobiles necessary to socialize, they became a tool for developing new contacts, maintaining a friendship network and arranging meetings. In the last 10-15 years we have been exposed to similar experiences of communication. Mobile phone communication has become as natural as going to the shop and buying bread each morning.Our behavior has been shaped by the regular use of mobile ph one, so that many people nowadays cannot imagine to spend a day without it, they even claim they would feel lost without it (Fox, 2001). As we read in â€Å"Towards a sociology of the mobile phone†( McGuigan, 2005), we perceive the mobile phone as an extension to the body, sometimes even feel naked without it. We tend to keep our phones nearby, in our pocket, in our hand, making us always contactable and available, for someone from our social network.We feel like there is always something to be said and when we get the message we tend to write or call back as soon as possible We did not even noticed that we are increasingly dependent on the mobile phone technology in terms of social interaction. Mobile phones, as proven by this research project and many others, have gained protection and security status. We increasingly depend on our phones in situations of distress, they give us reassurance and sensation of being secure, for instance walking late at night.Why do we feel secu re? Well, we can always call somebody, let them know where we are, gain a feeling of unreliable reassurance, as the person you have contacted may be miles away, not really being able to help us in certain situation. On the other hand, phones are used for protection in the situation when we want to avoid contact with someone, for instance in a bar or in a coffee shop. When one does not wish to be approached, it is enough to put a phone on the table and look it up from time to time.With the British â€Å"obsession† about privacy, it would be simply considered rude and socially unacceptable to interrupt someone who is busy. That lead me to consider one of the Hall’s dimensions (Hall, 1976). It may be that communication in Britain is becoming more high-context oriented. Mobiles can not only be used as mean of protection, but perhaps also as a barrier. When we do not want to talk to someone we know on the bus, it is enough to pretend we are busy with our mobile. We may ackn owledge the other person’s presence but we would immediately go back to looking at the phone.The message is clear to both sides – â€Å"I do not really want to talk right now†. Also , another example of high context approach is: when a person is not responding to our messages or phone calls, it may mean that he or she does not wish to speak to us, on the other hand, subtle signal, known as â€Å"giving the buzz†often means â€Å"I am thinking of you†. As we can see there are many examples of high-context communication within mobile phone influence on the way people maintain relationships, however it does not necessarily mean all communication in Britain is becoming high-context.Another change in terms of social construction is that via technology we are now able to keep in touch with more people than before, it is deemed normal to have a large net of social connections. Why is that? Perhaps, the distance seems shorter, because another person is jus t a phone call away. Before, we used to have more face-to- face interactions, but they were restricted to the close circle of friends and family that lived in the same geographic area. Therefore we maintain more contact, but it is possible it has become much more superficial.Considering the lack of openness in social interaction, mobile phones seem to facilitate interpersonal contacts and act like an ice-breaker. It is easy to send a message and it is nice to receive one in return, but the issue to consider is whether we can really count on that person. Mobile phones therefore might be depriving values of real friendship and in fact people may feel very alone, even though they have 300 contacts in their mobile device. There has been a behavioral shift in terms of social construction, for as a society, we have become more lazy and comfortable.As the other person is reachable on their mobile at all times, we have adapted the pattern of calling and not necessarily meeting with friends and family, which can sometimes be dangerous, because it deprives us of developing social skills. It has also been proven that we speak to each other differently on the phone than when talking face to face. Considering there is no visible contact, we cannot see expressions on our interlocutor’s face and his/her body language. People may be making faces and rolling their eyes and we would not know!Also if we do not want to say something, we can easily avoid doing that, because since there are no facial expressions, the interlocutor would not notice the difference. And nowadays, especially with text messages, you can almost pretend to be someone you are not! Speaking on the phone or texting gives some people the confidence they do not have in face-to-face interactions, especially in the reserved British culture. How did the use of the mobile change the way we perceive communication? We communicate when we have free time, as the respondents said, we are using â€Å"time in betw een†, when we are walking, when on the bus.Is it not all about time nowadays? As time is limited, which suggest monochromic orientation (Hall, 1983:42), and with the lack of time we have these days , we use every free moment we have to get in touch with people. But since these conversations are being conducted when we are on the go, it may deprive of the focus and dedication we would give this other person if we were talking to him/her face-to-face. Also, in terms of contact, we have a chance to keep in touch more often, but it is more about exchanging information than having real in-depth conversation with another person.People tend to divide time into little blocks in order to use it as efficiently as possible, tending to multi-task and combine many activities at a time. For instance, talking on the phone, checking emails, responding to messages, on the way to/from work, school, walking, sipping coffee – which again suggests a slight shift towards polychronic orientat ion. Time is considered limited, however nowadays we are trying to make the most of it, some would wish to even â€Å"save it† via multi-tasking.To conclude this section, we communicate more easily, more efficiently and more cheaply, but also we have created some needs and new obligations. Specialists claim that we are becoming addicted to technology, but the answer may be different. We are not as much addicted to technology, as to communicating with people. We are addicted to interacting with our social circle, and mobile phones facilitate the process of communication. CONCLUSION In conclusion, there is no doubt that the spread of mobile communication is affecting our lives and the way we maintain relationships.Since technologically advanced information systems tend to encourage and facilitate communication and at the same time cultural interaction, it is understandable that they play an important part in influencing the way the communication is conducted and change the way people are perceiving certain situations, at the same time creating new ways of seeing reality and different behavior patterns. In the modern world we live in, the patterns of communication in Britain are rapidly changing. Mobile phones are increasingly used to help us establish, develop and maintain relationships.We see it as means to help us to bond and interact with our colleagues, friends and family. We perceive this new technology as a new approach to build social networks, and as a tool that makes our busy life easier. Word count: 3220 REFERENCES * FERRARO, G. P. (2002). The cultural dimension of international business 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 29 * FOX, K. (2001) Evolution, alienation and gossip: the role of mobile telecommunications in the 21st century. Social Issues Research Centre. Available from http://www. sirc. org/publik/gossip. shtml [Accessed on 15/11/2011 ] * GAMBLE, T.K. , GAMBLE,M. (1996). Communication works 5th ed. New York:McGra w-Hill, pp. 77 * HALL, E. T. (1977) Beyond culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Doubleday, pp. 14 * HALL, E. T. (1983) The Dance of Life: Other Dimensions of Time. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, pp. 42 * McGUIGAN, J. (2005) Towards a sociology of the mobile phone. An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments. Vol. 1 , pp. 45-57. Available from : www. humantechnology. jyu. fi [Accessed on 17/11/2011] * SAMOVAR, L. A. , et al (2007). Communication between cultures 6th ed. Belmont, Calif: Thomson/Wadsworth, pp. 128-130

Tom contrasting with Gatsby essays

Tom contrasting with Gatsby essays Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby were two very contrasting characters. The way they were both perceived by society was completely different but yet the way they lived was almost identical. Tom and Jay were both brought up in two very different settings which impacted the way they acted throughout the novel. Money, power, and love are what controlled their actions. The most noticeable difference between Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby are their perceptions from society. Tom had inherited his fortune and really hasnt worked a day in his life. Gatsby on the other hand worked for his fortune and had followed the American Dream. He was born into a poor farming family, and he had made the decision that he was not going to live like this early in his life. From the text we understand that Gatsby was involved in bootlegging alcohol. Even though Gatsby struck it rich and had bought a huge gothic mansion in West Egg he was still looked down upon as if he wasnt worthy of it, especially by Tom. Because the way Tom was brought up he lives life the way he wants to live it and has no concern for others. He had grown up to be a brutal vicious bully. Gatsby, on the other hand, grew up respecting the wealthy. Even after he had struck it rich he remained humble toward others. Tom is different in the fact that he would do whatever was necessary to satisf y his needs, for instance his unfaithfulness toward Daisy. He was involved in a long term affair with a woman named Myrtle. Tom does this simply to satisfy his own needs. Tom flaunts his relationship with Myrtle around town as if he had no conscious, and he does this because he has never had to face any consequences. Unlike Tom, Gatsby has high morals. Gatsby met and fell in love with Daisy before he went off to war, and he has waited for her ever since. In a strange way Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby were similar. They both were on a mission for complete satisfa ...

Computer outline essays

Computer outline essays I have owned my computer for about two years now and I already want another one. Do not get me wrong I am sure my computer is great but in this day and age everyone wants the newest and coolest toys. I want a super computer that will never crash and will never give me any problems. I am sure that people say this all the time but they just do not get what they want because the technology is not out there yet. The technology is close so I would like a computer that is fast and smart. It would have to have a big screen and a great sound system. I also want a computer that is extremely fast when it comes to the Internet. It also has to be very fast when it comes to downloading. The computer I own now is a Dell. I have been very happy with it up until it crashed. That really made me mad about my computer. The model of my Dell computer is a Dimension 4100. It has a Pentium III Processor. The Pentium III Processor is at 733 MHz. It also has 128 MB of SDRAM at 133 MHz. My computer also has a CD-RW, which has three burning speeds. These burning speeds are 8x/4x/32x. It also has a 12X max variable DVD ROM drive, with a Harmon Kardon HK-595 surround sound speaker system with a nine-inch subwoofer. I also received the 3.5 inch Floppy Drive. I got the 3.5 floppy drive because it is very useful for transferring smaller documents like school papers. I also got the quiet keyboard with the roller ball mouse. The screen I chose to get with my computer was a 17-inch Trinitron flat screen. A tuff decision that I have to make is what kind of computer do I want. Would I rather have a Mac or a PC? There are ups and downs to owning either one. The good thing about a Mac is that they are coming out with a lot of revolutionary things. Since I am very into music I would want to get the iPOD as well. Macs are also extremely good computers to use for editing. The Macs come with very user-friendly programs,...

Barack Obama - Second Weekly Transition Address

Barack Obama Second President-Elect Weekly Transition Address Broadcast 15 November 2008 Today the leaders of the G-20 nations, a group that includes the worlds largest economies, are gathering in Washington to seek solutions to the ongoing turmoil in our financial markets. Im glad President Bush has initiated this process, because our global economic crisis requires a coordinated global response.And yet, as we act in concert with other nations, we must also act immediately here at home to address Americas own economic crisis. This week, amid continued volatility in our markets, we learned that unemployment insurance claims rose to their highest levels since September 11th, 2001. Weve lost jobs for ten straight months nearly 1.2 million jobs this year, many of them in our struggling auto industry. And millions of our fellow citizens lie awake each night wondering how theyre going to pay their bills, stay in their homes, and save for retirement.Make no mistake: This is the greatest economic challenge of our times. And while the road ahead will be long, and the work will be hard, I know that we can steer ourselves out of this crisis, because here in America we always rise to the moment, no matter how hard. And I am more hopeful than ever that America will rise once again. But we must act right now. Next week, Congress will meet to address the spreading impact of the economic crisis. I urge them to pass at least a down-payment on a rescue plan that will create jobs, relieve the squeeze on families, and help get the economy growing again. In particular, we cannot afford to delay providing help for the more than one million Americans who will have exhausted their unemployment insurance by the end of this year. If Congress does not pass an immediate plan that gives the economy the boost it needs, I will make it my first order of business as President. Even as we dig ourselves out of this recession, we must also recognize that out of this economic crisis comes an opportunity to create new jobs, strengthen our middle class, and keep our economy competitive in the 21st century. And that starts with the kinds of long-term investments that weve neglected for too long. That means putting two million Americans to work rebuilding our crumbling roads, bridges, and schools. It means investing 150 billion dollars to build an American green energy economy that will create five million new jobs, while freeing our nation from the tyranny of foreign oil, and saving our planet for our children. It means making health care affordable for anyone who has it, accessible for anyone who wants it, and reducing costs for small businesses. And it also means giving every child the world-class education they need to compete with any worker, anywhere in the world. Doing all this will require not just new policies but a new spirit of service and sacrifice, where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves, but each other. If this financial crisis has taught us anything, its that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers. In this country we rise or fall as one nation, as one people. And thats how we will meet the challenges of this time together. Thank you. Source:Â  https://www.loc.gov/ Source: https://en.wikipedia.org

Systematic Review of Studies on Compliance with Hand Hygiene Essay

Systematic Review of Studies on Compliance with Hand Hygiene Guidelines in Hospital Care - Essay Example As a nurse, it is my utmost desire to work harmoniously with my patients and colleagues in a holistic manner, and in effect, I decided to critically review this article not only to protect my patients, but for a higher aim of keeping myself and my colleagues away from this preventable and deadly hospital – acquired infection. Another reason that compels me to do this paper is the annual increase of mortality and mobility rate secondary to nosocomial infection as well as improper hand washing technique compliance among the healthcare personnel, in spite of massive campaign for proper hand washing practice. Several campaigns that encourage proper hand hygiene practice were launched over the past decades, but compliance rates among the nursing staff in the hospital were not substantial, and have no lasting effect in preventing the spread of infection. This article was carefully chosen because it presented several data on hand hygiene compliance and guidelines on hand hygiene in t he hospital set up. This paper was explored using the largest search engine in the internet to date, www.google.com. The keywords and terms used were hand hygiene, hospital care, compliance, non – compliance, journals, nosocomial infection, and hospital – acquired infection. All journals published prior to January 2009 were integrated in the searches, and the best journal searched for in this study was downloaded and reviewed. Hand searches and checking of the articles were among the strategies utilized in searching the journals. An article on the systematic review of studies on compliance rate of hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care was reviewed to assess the prevalence rate of hospital – acquired infection and correlate it with the compliance and non – compliance rate of guidelines of hand hygiene in the hospital set up. This paper aimed to improve successfully the rate of compliance using the behavioural sciences to follow a planned approach for th e development of interventions in the future. Systematic reviews of 96 published empirical studies that were conducted to the general populations of developed countries were completed in this article. The process of searching databases starts with screening the title, abstracts, and entire article to ensure that the criteria in selecting the paper are met. Extraction and management of data followed with recapitulation of various findings in the study were made. From this study, it was gathered that people with poor compliance rate were mostly from high activity group. This consist of physicians (having 32% compliance rate) followed by the nurses (with 48% compliance). From the article, it was noted that the compliance rate was much lower in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with a rate ranging only from 30 – 40%. On the other hand, workers engaged with dirty tasks were those observed to have higher rate of compliance in hand hygiene. Because of incomplete details presented in the study, Erasmus, et al (2010) concluded that further research and monitoring of standard measures must be carried on in the next study, and to better explain the complexities of hand hygiene, theoretical models from behavioural sciences should be employed and adapted in the paper. Erasmus et al. (2010) added that more research focusing on the determinants of behaviour is required

RESEARCH ARTICLE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK - Phase #2 of the lit review Essay

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2500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2500 - Essay Example The bearing used for this specific case of wind turbine is ball-bearings. The ball-bearings are used for low load and high speed machines. The ball bearings are generally manufactured from steel material. This material is preferred choice due to its high strength, and resistance of corrosion and high fatigue strength. As per standard practice, the outer race of the ball bearing is manufactured from high alloy steel bar, in most of the cases the inner races, wear rings are also manufactured from the same material. The recommended steel alloy for such manufacturing is BMS-931 and 8720H. The manufacturing process begins with the forging of the steel bar, the material is forged into different shapes like cups, cones etc. The forging process is generally hot forging; this process shall release thermal stresses from the material during the process. The forging process can be explained as, "exposure of the steel bar in the induction heater system, the heating process is halted after the temperature reaches the melting point of the material; at this temperature maximum formability for hot forging is attained". After the completion of hot forging, the material is pierced. The material used for the manufacturing is SAE-521000; the material is used in the form of forged rings. The centre-less grinding is applied on the material, which is extremely rough machining process. The material is then treated at high temperature, after which the hardness of the material is checked. The grinding on the material is conducted to secure smooth surface finish. During the process the material undergoes "honing and super finishing followed by washing; later anti-rush agent is applied on the object" (Bruce, 1997). The heat treatment process is extremely critical, and during this process the ample exposure to the heat will release thermal stresses within the object. The process is conducted "to

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2500 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2500 - Essay Example The bearing used for this specific case of wind turbine is ball-bearings. The ball-bearings are used for low load and high speed machines. The ball bearings are generally manufactured from steel material. This material is preferred choice due to its high strength, and resistance of corrosion and high fatigue strength. As per standard practice, the outer race of the ball bearing is manufactured from high alloy steel bar, in most of the cases the inner races, wear rings are also manufactured from the same material. The recommended steel alloy for such manufacturing is BMS-931 and 8720H. The manufacturing process begins with the forging of the steel bar, the material is forged into different shapes like cups, cones etc. The forging process is generally hot forging; this process shall release thermal stresses from the material during the process. The forging process can be explained as, "exposure of the steel bar in the induction heater system, the heating process is halted after the temperature reaches the melting point of the material; at this temperature maximum formability for hot forging is attained". After the completion of hot forging, the material is pierced. The material used for the manufacturing is SAE-521000; the material is used in the form of forged rings. The centre-less grinding is applied on the material, which is extremely rough machining process. The material is then treated at high temperature, after which the hardness of the material is checked. The grinding on the material is conducted to secure smooth surface finish. During the process the material undergoes "honing and super finishing followed by washing; later anti-rush agent is applied on the object" (Bruce, 1997). The heat treatment process is extremely critical, and during this process the ample exposure to the heat will release thermal stresses within the object. The process is conducted "to

The Congo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Congo - Essay Example The independence did not solve all the problems of Congo, and problems started arising in the province of Katanga, which was enriched with mines. The province was under the control of Moise Tshombe, who in July 1960 supported the Belgium mercenaries and the Belgium Mining company named Union Minere. After having this support, he declared Kantanga independence. Due to this treachery to the Congo government, Lumumba requested United Nations to look into the matter and resolve all the upcoming issues and probable Civil War. The Lumumba's government requested UN military assistance "to protect the national territory of the Congo against the present external aggression which is a threat to international peace." There was no request to restore internal stability. However, Secretary-General Hammarskjold recommended to the Security Council the establishment of a peace-keeping force to assist the government of the Congo in maintaining law and order until, with technical assistance from the UN, the Congolese national security forces were able to meet these tasks. The Security Council authorized the Secretary-General to take the necessary steps for this purpose and called on Belgium to withdraw its troops from the territory. Thus began what, until the operation in Cambodia, was the largest UN peacekeeping operation (reaching a peak of 20,000 troops plus a large civilian corps) and one with a profound influence on internal developments in a member state. The Secretary-General was fully aware of the sensitivity of the action that the UN was undertaking in the Congo, both in terms of the attitudes of the foreign countries having a strong interest in the course of events in the Congo, and of the resistance of the Congolese government to any seeming. UN Peace Keeping Mission in Congo -Congo Crisis (MONUC) The secretary-general thus faced a government clearly desperately searching for assistance, and the possibility that outside powers might fill the resulting vacuum if the UN did not. Acting under Article 99 of the charter for the first time in the organization's history, the secretary-general called for a Security Council meeting to discuss the issue. In doing so, Hammarskjold set in motion the UN involvement in the Congo. That involvement took the form of an operation that, until the 1990s, was the largest UN peacekeeping operation on record. It was also an involvement that prompted a crisis so deep and an experience so devastating for the United Nations that once the UN operation in the Congo was officially over the UN did its best not only to put the experience behind it but also to forget it altogether. The willingness to use force in the Congo was a first for the United Nations and it came in the early days of UN experience with peacekeeping. Some of the logistical and communication problems associated with the operation, therefore, can be attributed to a general lack of experience and procedures. Command and control problems, for example, such as those associated with the final unexpected push into Jadotville that surprised UN headquarters, fall into this category. It remains possible, though, that the Jadotville example, like the murky background to Operation Morthor, is an example of a disconnect between decision making in the field and decision making at UN headquarters, either

Obama and the Presidency Essay Example for Free

Obama and the Presidency Essay It has been said that every presidential election is historical, and for all intents and purposes that is correct. But that particular statement could not have been more apt than now, with the election of Barack Obama to the presidency. The past presidential election is crucial to our country, primarily because these are extraordinary times. Along with economic recession –which has seen more and more loss of homes and jobs – there are likewise problems left by the preceding government that cannot be ignored. These factors are the root of Barack Obama’s win, and have made him the best candidate for the post. Polls conducted prior to the November 4 elections have seen Americans in the working class leaning towards Obama’s camp, and for good reason. Coupled with a clear, plausible, and practical plan which addresses the recession is the fact that Obama is someone that the average American can relate to. We’ve all heard of his life story, his background; we are aware of the obstacles he has and could have faced. There is a feeling of kinship that arises when we hear him talk of his childhood in Hawaii and Indonesia, of being raised single-handedly by his mother. As such, the average American will likely see him as not only a Harvard-educated politician, but someone who understands the plight of the less fortunate. He is seen as someone who can respond to the country’s problems skillfully and more importantly, aptly. Obama will be taking the helm of a problem-riddled government, and this is not just pertaining to the economy. The Bush administration will be leaving him with the huge responsibility of restoring not only the image of this country but more importantly, restoring peace and strengthening foreign relations with the war waged by Bush in the background. These are not easy tasks, surely; but the future seems bright for the newly-elected President. Already, foreign countries have expressed satisfaction over his election, with some even going as far as saying that his victory has been foreseen long before the beginning of the elections. Such a positive feedback is refreshing, and we can expect that with Obama at the forefront, our ties with other countries will be stronger and for some, renewed. With regard to the war, it is a good thing that at last, our brothers who are laying their lives on the line will be coming home. The war the previous administration has waged has yield nothing but negative results, and it is about time that the troops be pulled out before more blood is shed for a futile undertaking. Scores ago an African-American president would have been unthinkable; and until now, there are still traces of discrimination in this country that boasts of freedom as its most valued treasure. Obama’s historical ascent to the White House is a landmark of change and hope: change, in that he has broken the African-American stereotypical images that are still very much prevalent in society; hope, in that with his election, the remaining buds of racial discrimination will be nipped. On a grander scale, Obama’s presidency does not only signal the beginning of change (or â€Å"change we can believe in†) – it IS a symbol of change. This symbolism could not have come at a better time, not only for the American people but perhaps, for the world. On a smaller scale, Obama’s election is monumental for members of the minority – who came to this country with dreams of leading better lives – and for African-Americans, both of which are still fighting for equality in this country. It may be argued that the United States has come a long way from its history of slavery, and that racial discrimination is not as prevalent now as it was before. But it can likewise be argued that inequality is still there. With Obama’s election, the invisible barrier that has prevented these people from dreaming big and living their dreams has been shattered. How? With the mere act of electing him into office, the African-American stereotype was lifted: African-Americans can now dream of leading the most powerful country in the world – a vision that has remained unimaginable until now. And for other members of the minority – immigrants from Asia, and other countries – the election of Obama is more than welcome, what with his plans of rewriting immigration laws to see past race and country, and to look more into the abilities of those who seek refuge and chase dreams in the United States of America. As for the rest of the world, Obama’s presidency is also a hallmark of change. As said, his election to office has been welcomed by other countries, and has been met with celebration in all corners of the globe, not only for the American people but for countries that look to the President of the United States for leadership. There has not been much to look up to in the previous administration a fruitless war was waged, and bigger problems like the recession and climate change remained unanswered, or if answered, well, they were addressed unsatisfactorily. With Obama, it might be a different story. It has been reported that even hard-to-please academic analysts have hailed his election, and have provided positive feedbacks with regard to his ability to lead the nation and the rest of the world. He is not a superhero, of course, but if he follows through with his campaign promises, at least one or two of the bigger problems we – and the rest of the world – are experiencing can be solved. And that is good enough. In his speech in Chicago, Obama told more than 200,000 people gathered in Grant Park in celebration: If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. Indeed, with Obama’s election to the office of the president of the United States, history was made. More importantly, when he formally takes office on the 20th of January, he will make history. He has, after all, been dubbed as the â€Å"extraordinary man for extraordinary times†.

Defining And Understanding Reflective Practice

Defining And Understanding Reflective Practice Reflective Practice was introduced by Donald Schà ¶n in his book The Reflective Practitioner in 1983; however, the original idea of reflective practice is much older. John Dewey was one of the first American philosophers /psychologists to write about Reflective Practice, with his exploration of experience, interaction and reflection. Other researchers, such as Kurt Lewin, Jean Piaget, William James and Carl Jung were developing theories of human learning and development. Deweys works inspired Donald Schà ¶n and David Boud to explore the boundaries of reflective practice. Central to the development of reflective theory was interest in the integration of theory and practice, the cyclic pattern of experience and the conscious application of that learning experience. For years, there has been a growing literature and focus around experiential learning and the development and application of Reflective Practice. Donald Schà ¶ns 1983 book introduces concepts such as reflection on action and reflection in-action where professionals meet the challenges of their work with a kind of improvisation learned in practice. Reflective Practice has now been widely accepted and used as developmental practices for organizations, networks, and individuals. As Boud et al states: Reflection is an important human activity in which people recapture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate it. It is this working with experience that is important in learning. Reflective Practice can be seen and has been recognized in many teaching and learning scenarios, and the emergence in more recent years of blogging has been seen as another form of reflection on experience in a technological age. Reflective Practice is paying critical attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and reflexively. This leads to developmental insight. The importance of reflecting on what you are doing, as part of the learning process, has been emphasised by many investigators. Reflective Observation is the second of the Kolb learning cycle. Reflective practice is an active process of me witnessing my own experience in placement in order to take a closer look the way I progress or where I may be weak at something and to explore it in greater depth. This can be done in the middle of an activity or as an activity in itself. The main thing about reflection is learning how to take a perspective on my own actions and experience. By developing my ability to explore and be curious about my own experiences and actions. Where I can open up the possibilities of purposeful learning. The purpose of reflection is to allow the possibility of l earning through experience, whether that is the experience of a meeting, a project, a disaster, a success, a relationship, or any other internal or external event, before, during or after it has happened (Amulya, Joy What is Reflective Practice? The Centre for Reflective community Practice). Certain kinds of experiences create particularly different opportunities for learning through reflection. Struggles provide a window onto what is working and what is not working and may often serve as effective tools for analysing the true nature of a challenge that I may face. Some struggles show a problem, which can provide a good source of information about a clash between my values and my approach to getting something done. Reflecting on my experiences of uncertainty helps shed light on areas where an approach to my work is not fully specified. Positive experiences offer good sources of learning. For example, doing and thinking are very helpful in revealing what was learned and how successfu l it turned out to be. Breakthroughs can also instruct on an emotional level. By locating why and when we have felt excited or fulfilled by an experience, I can gain insight into the conditions that allow my creativity to expand. Now I can become more purposeful not just about my learning but about how to work in more creative and sustaining ways. Reflective practice is simply creating a habit, structure, or routine around studying an experience. A practice for reflection can vary in terms of how often, how much, and why reflection gets done. Reflection can also vary in depth from simply noticing present experience to deep examination of past events. Reflection can be practiced at different frequencies: every day, every week or even months. When on placement I think it would be important for me to have reflection on a weekly basis with my assigned supervisor, as daily would be a lot more repetitive and monthly would be too far apart especially as it my first time in this setting. I can think of many benefits when using reflective practice in my work placement. First, because Im in the business of protecting young people. I need to be clear that I do protect the young people and myself when I am in my work placement. A bit of thought and planning may now be of huge benefit later. Something that I have found through studying this subject in the last year is that reflection seems to create a certain clarity and sense of safety around this area of work I am going in to. The log I will use is a very safe way of offloading and debriefing I, as well as discussions with colleagues and managers. It enables me to avoid stress and it helps me to move forward from worry and frustration at service users, colleagues and departments. It helps me to understand why I feel this way, why it needs to be this way, and how what I do could potentially change this situation positively. Id use this to change my negative energy to positive. By doing this I can go a long way toward keep ing well at my placement, which can affect the service delivery and ultimately the way in which I do my business with the young people. The constant weight of handling issues and prioritization is a concern as a future youth worker I worry about going in to placement. It is easy to get caught in the overwhelming feeling of loads in paperwork, young people with high needs, and balancing everyday tasks. When I feel this way, I need to down for myself and briefly run through my priorities, I can look at how I can work smarter, maybe delegate tasks to young people or their families, therefore empowering them and including them in planning for the young people. We can look at how we can establish a work-life balance, while still getting through all tasks and complying. A balance is possible with some thought, care and of course the policies in place, which supports work-life balance and understands its importance in terms of overall success and health of its work force and work practices . Instead of finding myself bogged down with constraints, if Im serious about my role as youth worker, I can truly focus on the young people I will serve and what would be in the best interests for them young, even if what I think would be the best solution is not unlikely. The benefits of reflection in terms of collaborative practice with other agencies and wider communities open many doors to my understanding of roles and responsibilities, and it can be critical in removing boundaries and stopping me from blaming others. Its my personal responsibility to do my reflection, for speaking up and letting people know what I think and why through this process. Another part of reflection is being able to use the criticism that I may face and utilize it. So I can turn the situation on its head, and learn something positive from it. Instead of being defensive and subjective. In conclusion, the importance of critical and reflective practice is difficult to measure and often under-estimated, yet it is crucial to our professional and personal development. More important, I feel that reflection helps and prepares me to be accountable and responsible for the very difficult decisions and challenges we often face in child protection and allows us to make good choices and have better outcomes for young people. References Redmond, Bairbre. (2004) Reflection in Action Developing Reflective Practice in Health and Social Services. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Share, P. Lalor, K. (2009) Applied Social Care (2nd Ed). Dublin: Gill Macmillan Thompson, N. (2009) People Skills. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan What is Reflective Practice? Joy Amulya, Centre for Reflective Community Practice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/reflecti.htm (3/11/10/) http://www.ukcle.ac.uk/resources/personal-development-planning/introduction (7/11/10) http://www.mftrou.com/support-files/kolb-learning-style-inventory.pdf (7/11/10) http://www.itslifejimbutnotasweknowit.org.uk (11/11/10)

Cause of World War I Essay -- essays research papers

WWI Causes World War I, a war that started out locally in Europe between Austria-Hungary and Serbia that later ended up including thirty two different nations. This war has been around for almost a century and yet the causes of it are still being debated. There are many different scenarios that have been considered. Some of the key reasons that were believed to have instigated WWI were nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and an arrangement of treaties. Also the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was believed to be one of the immediate causes. Nationalism is the doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other. From just reading the meaning of nationalism it is quit obvious to see that this idea will oppose some kind of conflict sooner or later, and as proved later on it did. At the settlement of Vienna in 1815, the idea of nationalism was ignored mainly because nations wanted to preserve the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany also in 1871. Another result of the Franco-Prussian War, which took place 1870-1871, was that France wasn’t happy with the outcome of Alsace-Lorraine losing, and regaining what they lost from that was a major goal for the French. Nationalism was a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans. Those areas had many conflicting national groups. The strong faith Serbia had for the movement advocating th...

Essay --

In the area of mathematics, it has been stated that Aristotle â€Å"is the real father of logic† (Thompson, 1975, p. 7) and although it may be a minor exaggeration, it is not far off the truth. Aristotle’s ideas on philosophy and logic were great advancers in Western culture, and are still being discussed and taught today. The ancient Greeks focused their mathematics on many areas, but one main question continuously asked by the Greeks was â€Å"what are good arguments?† (Marke & Mycielski, 2001, pg. 449). This question brought about the study of logic. Aristotle’s philosophy on the importance of logic was unique for his time as he believed that logic had to be considered in all disciplines, and that the aim of logic was to provide a system that allowed one to â€Å"investigate, classify, and evaluate good and bad forms of reasoning† (Groarke). Aristotle studied and contributed to various disciplines including philosophy, science, and astronomy, but his greatest influence was in the study of mathematical logic and more specifically, the introduction of syllogism. As Ulrich (1953) states, â€Å"any discussion of syllogism necessarily involves logic as it is the field that the syllogism plays a very important role† (p. 311). Aristotle’s ideas surrounding logic and syllogism are still being used in mathematics today, and over the course of history they have influenced many mathematicians’ areas of study. (Marek & Mycielski, 2001) Influence on Aristotelian Logic In order to understand Aristotle’s influence on mathematical logic, it is important to understand his life and the people that influenced his studies. Aristotle was born in 384 BCE in Stagira, which was an ancient city in Greece located on the Chalkidiki peninsula (Amadio & Kenny). In 367 B... ...ead of as an axiomization of a body of knowledge† (Andrade & Becerra, 2008, p. 310). Conclusion Aristotle’s philosophy of logic and syllogism introduced a system of formal thought. One in which emphasis was placed on answering logical questions through using proof, deduction and reasoning. This contribution to the field of logic allowed future academics to draw connections of previous unknowns in many areas of study, but most notably in the field of mathematics. Aristotle’s contribution to logic, by introducing a system of syllogism, became influential within many disciplines, and his ideas remained a great focal point for many centuries. Although Aristotle will forever be seen as a great philosopher, his influence of the syllogism was one that greatly advanced the area of mathematical logic and opened the gateway for many more mathematical discoveries and ideas.

Metaphors in The Play “As You Like It” Essay

In his play, â€Å"As You Like It,† and generally in all his writing William Shakespeare uses a lot of metaphors. In, â€Å"As You Like It,† he has Rosalind who is disguised as boy named Ganymede use an interesting metaphor that explores the relationship between the consumption of time and the movement of a horse based on mood or pleasure. In my opinion the only reason that Rosalind ever uses the metaphor is to try to convince Orlando, the man she has fallen in love with and knows that he loves her, that she is wise when it comes to love and that she as Ganymede could cure his love by giving him love lessons. The metaphor proves to be effective because by the end of their conversation Orlando is convinced that Ganymede could cure him. When Rosalind first approaches Orlando disguised as Ganymede she asks him for the time. Orlando replies by saying that there is no way to know the time in this forest because there are no clocks. He says that it would be more appropriate to ask for the time of day. Rosalind follows this up by saying, â€Å"Then there is no true lover in the forest, else sighing every minute and groaning every hour would detect the lazy foot of time as well as a clock,†(III, ii; 275-77). By this she means that a true lover is just as good at telling time as a clock because they are always thinking about the one they love and every minute they sigh and every hour the groan. Orlando wonders why Rosalind said the lazy foot of time rather than the swift foot of time because he thinks it would have been just as appropriate. Rosalind explains how time travels at different speeds for different people  and how she could tell who time ambles for, who time trots for, who time gallops for, and who time stands still for. Orlando asks her about each speed and Rosalind gives an example of the kind of person who would have time move at each pace. When Orlando asks who time trots for Rosalind says, â€Å"Marry, he trot hard with a young maid between the contract on her marriage and the day it is solemnized. If the interim be but a se’nnight, times pace is so hard that it seems the length of seven year,†(III, ii; 285-88). By this she means that between the time a woman gets engaged and the day of her wedding time seems to move slowly. This is because the woman is exited and anxious. A week’s  time could seem like 7 years. It is my belief that time always moves the opposite of how you want it to. When Orlando asks who time ambles for Rosalind answers, â€Å"With a priest that lacks Latin and a rich man that hath not the gout, for the only sleep easily because he cannot study and the other live merrily because he feels no pain – he one lacking burden of lean and wasteful learning, the other knowing no burden of heavy tedious penury. These time ambles withal,†(III, ii; 290-95). To amble is to walk in a leisurely way. Both the priest and rich man have fairly easy lives in which they are not very busy. Because they do not do anything time seems to move slowly. When Orlando asks who time gallops for Rosalind replies with, â€Å"With a thief to the gallows, for though he go softly as foot can fall, he thinks himself too soon there,†(III, ii; 297-98). A thief on his way to the gallows walks as slow as he possibly can but time still seems to move so fast. This is another example of how time seems to move the opposite of how you want it too. When Orlando asks who time stands still for Rosalind says, â€Å"With lawyers in the vacation, for they sleep between term and term, and they perceive not how time  moves,†(III, ii; 300-01). Lawyers on vacation sleep away their holidays and have no sense of time. To them it is like time is not moving at all. Whenever I am on vacation I usually sleep it away and when I do wake I have no idea how much time has past. I have been playing soccer for almost 6 years now and I have learned that at my games time either mover fast or slow. Usually when my team is winning time moves slow because I want the game to end. When my team is losing time seems to move fast because I do not want the game to win. I want my team to come back and win. I have learned that time never works the way you want it too. Shakespeare’s metaphors add a lot of meaning to his writing. Without them he might not be as well know as he is now. The metaphor in, â€Å"As You Like It,† adds a lot to the story. It not only adds affect but also plays a role in the storyline. If Rosalind had not used she may have not been able to convince Orlando to take love lessons with her and that would make a huge change in the story.